Pandemias, milicia e historia de la Ciencia / Pandemics, the military and the history of Science

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The destiny of Italian prisoners in Austro-Hungarian POW camps during the First World War: remembering the defeat of Caporetto 100 years on.

The living conditions of Italian prisoners during the First World War were extremely difficult. At the end of the conflict, the treatment of Italian soldiers in Austro-Hungarian POW camps and in those of the German territories was recognized as particularly harsh in comparison with that of other prisoners. The reasons may be ascribed to three main factors. The Italian prisoners paid the price of being considered traitors, since Italy was allied with the Austro-Hungarian Empire and with Germany until 1914, subsequently switching to the side of France, the United Kingdom and Russia. The Italian government and the Italian High Command considered their soldiers poorly inclined to engage in a war which became over time increasingly costly in terms of human sacrifice. The strategy pursued by the General-in-Chief Luigi Cadorna was very aggressive and showed little care for the life conditions of his troops, who were frequently thrown into the fray and exposed to potential slaughter. Due to this negative judgement on their troops' willingness to fight, the government did not help, and even hindered, the despatch of packages of food and clothes to prisoners in the Austro-Hungarian and German camps via the Red Cross. The idea of a better life in the trenches compared with that expected in the camps as prisoners was widespread. Thirdly, the maritime blockade of the Adriatic Sea over time reduced to starvation the populations of Austria, Hungary and Germany, which obviously had grave repercussions on prisoners. It was estimated that around 100,000 Italians lost their lives in POW camps; after the defeat at Caporetto, when over 250,000 prisoners were captured, the number of deaths rose. The main causes of death were: tuberculosis, pneumonia, malnutrition and typhoid fever. At the end of the war, when coming back to Italy, former POWs were interned for months in camps (located predominantly in the Emilia region) and had to face interrogation and trials to demonstrate they were not deserters and were free to go back home. In the meantime, many lost their lives due to "Spanish" flu, pneumonia and other infectious diseases. Only the mobilization both of families and public opinion forced the Italian government to close the camps at the end of the year 1919.

Respuesta: Sobre: Contribución a la Ciencia del general médico D. Mariano Gómez Ulla (1877-1945) / Reply: About: "Scientific Contributions of GMO Mariano Gómez Ulla (1877-1945)"

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Morbilidad y mortalidad de los soldados del ejército español, 1886-1933 / Morbidity and mortality of the soldiers of the Spanish army, 1886-1933

Este artículo presenta los primeros resultados de un proyecto de investigación sobre la salud de los soldados del Ejército español, en época de paz, entre 1860 y 1936, con especial atención a la mortalidad y la morbilidad y a la tipología de las enfermedades con mayor incidencia en este colectivo. Aquí se abordan dos objetivos de naturaleza metodológica: en primer lugar, una introducción a las posibilidades y limitaciones de las fuentes históricas sanitarias militares para el estudio de la salud del colectivo militar; y, en segundo lugar, un análisis de la evolución de los efectivos y las características del colectivo masculino en edad de recluta y su grado de representatividad respecto a toda la población masculina del mismo grupo de edad. Así mismo, se avanzan unos primeros resultados provisionales sobre algunos indicadores de mortalidad y morbilidad de los soldados y de la población civil que pueden estimarse a partir de las fuentes sanitarias militares (AU)

This article presents the first results of a research project aimed at studying the state of health of Spanish army troops in peacetime between 1860 and 1936. Special attention is paid to mortality, morbidity, and the typology of the diseases which had the greatest impact on this group. Two methodological objectives are pursued: first, an introduction to the possibilities and limitations of historical sanitary records for the study of the state of health of the military class is carried out; second, the number of military recruits and their collective features as a group, and to what degree this group is representative of their age and gender group as a whole, are examined. Similarly, the initial results on some indicators of mortality and morbidity among both the drafted troops and the civilian population, as reflected in sanitary records, are also set forth (AU)

Military Importance of Natural Toxins and Their Analogs.

Toxin weapon research, development, production and the ban on its uses is an integral part of international law, with particular attention paid to the protection against these weapons. In spite of this, hazards associated with toxins cannot be completely excluded. Some of these hazards are also pointed out in the present review. The article deals with the characteristics and properties of natural toxins and synthetic analogs potentially constituting the basis of toxin weapons. It briefly describes the history of military research and the use of toxins from distant history up to the present age. With respect to effective disarmament conventions, it mentions certain contemporary concepts of possible toxin applications for military purposes and the protection of public order (suppression of riots); it also briefly refers to the question of terrorism. In addition, it deals with certain traditional as well as modern technologies of the research, synthesis, and use of toxins, which can affect the continuing development of toxin weapons. These are, for example, cases of new toxins from natural sources, their chemical synthesis, production of synthetic analogs, the possibility of using methods of genetic engineering and modern biotechnologies or the possible applications of nanotechnology and certain pharmaceutical methods for the effective transfer of toxins into the organism. The authors evaluate the military importance of toxins based on their comparison with traditional chemical warfare agents. They appeal to the ethics of the scientific work as a principal condition for the prevention of toxin abuse in wars, military conflicts, as well as in non-military attacks.

XI Congreso Nacional de Investigación de Pregrado en Ciencias de la Salud: 12-13 Marzo 2015. Hospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla. Madrid. España / X National Congress of Undergraduate Research in Health Sciences

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[Scientific and research experimentation center of aviation and space medicine and human engineeing celebrates 80th anniversary].

The article is devoted to the history of the Research Test Center Aviation and Space Medicine and military ergonomics, now included in the Central Research Institute of the Air Force Defense Ministry. The center throughout 80 years history is a leding research organization in the country for the integrated study of the human factor in aviation and problems connected with it. The world-famous scientific schools in aviation physiology, hygiene and radiolorgy, emergency medicine, aviation psychology and ergonomics have been grounded on the basis of this center. With a high qualified scientific staff and laboratory-and-bench-scale base including unique seminatural airplanes and helicopters complexes, posters and installation simulating the impact of flight factors (centrifuge, hyperbaric chambers, shakenr vestibulyar-WIDE stands, etc.) the center has. successfully slved tasks concerning an improvement of flight crews protection from occupational hazards, ergonomic demands to capabilities of aircraft, professional and psycho-physiological training. Automatic systems of medical decision-making on assessment of the health status in the medical-flight expertise and dynamic medical supervision, planning, treatment and preventive and remedial actions aircrew training are currently 'being developed

Las prácticas comunitarias de justicia local en la sierra de la Macarena: el pluralismo jurídico de cara a la reconstrucción del país en el post conflicto colombiano / Community practices of the local justice in “la sierra de la macarena: ”the juridical pluralism with an eye to the country reconstruction in the colombian post conflict

Este artículo presenta una caracterización de las instancias comunitarias de resolución deconflictos que desde hace más de una década son las encargadas de tramitar conflictos en la región de la Sierra de La Macarena, Colombia. El texto propone que la Justicia Local de esta región integra una serie de condiciones sociales que no solo podrán apoyar la transición sociopolítica de la región, en caso de llegarse a un acuerdo entre el estado colombiano y la insurgencia, sino que además vale la pena su sostenimiento en el tiempo por la apuesta de paz que representan. Para tal efecto, el artículo presenta un balance analítico del trabajoadelantado por Comités de Conciliación a partir de su caracterización y ofrece elementos claves para comprender la lógica y naturaleza de la justicia comunitaria de La Macarena.

This article presents a characterization of the community agencies in the resolution of conflicts, which over one decade are in charge of dealing with conflicts in the region of theSierra de La Macarena, Colombia. The text proposes that the local Justice in this region integrates a series of social conditions that not only be able to support the socio-political transition of the region, in case of reaching an agreement between the Colombian State and the insurgency, but it is also worth supporting it in time for the bet of peace that they represent. For this purpose, the article introduces an analytical balance of the work carriedout by the Conciliation Committees from its characterization and it provides key elements to understand the logic and nature of the community justice in La Macarena.

World War I: an air war of consequence.

On December 17, 1903, the brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright flew the world's first successful airplane, following this with the first military airplane in 1908. (The 1908 Flyer was built by the brothers in response to a 1907 requirements specification for a 2-place aircraft capable of flying at 40 mph and able to be broken down and transported in a horse-drawn wagon. Technically, since it crashed during its demonstration program and was not formally delivered to the Army, it never became Army property. But the trials had been so impressive that the Army ordered a second, delivered in 1909.) Just six years later, Europe erupted in a general war. Often portrayed as a sideshow to the war on land and sea, the air war heralded the advent of mechanized warfare, the airplane being one of four great technological advances--the submarine, the tank, and radio communication--that, together, revolutionized military affairs. Aircraft reconnaissance influenced the conduct of military operations from the war's earliest days, and airborne observers routinely governed the fall of artillery barrages, crucially important in an artillery-dominant war.

Overall view of chemical and biochemical weapons.

This article describes a brief history of chemical warfare, which culminated in the signing of the Chemical Weapons Convention. It describes the current level of chemical weapons and the risk of using them. Furthermore, some traditional technology for the development of chemical weapons, such as increasing toxicity, methods of overcoming chemical protection, research on natural toxins or the introduction of binary technology, has been described. In accordance with many parameters, chemical weapons based on traditional technologies have achieved the limit of their development. There is, however, a big potential of their further development based on the most recent knowledge of modern scientific and technical disciplines, particularly at the boundary of chemistry and biology. The risk is even higher due to the fact that already, today, there is a general acceptance of the development of non-lethal chemical weapons at a technologically higher level. In the future, the chemical arsenal will be based on the accumulation of important information from the fields of chemical, biological and toxin weapons. Data banks obtained in this way will be hardly accessible and the risk of their materialization will persist.

Tenentismo pós-30: continuidade ou Ruptura / Tenentismo post-30: continuity or rupture

Exemplo bem sucedido de pensamento que rompe com ideias e conceitos já consagrados na historiografia, o livro de Anita Leocadia Prestes procura esclarecer aspectos ainda obscuros na trajetória desse fenômeno social e político, de ampla repercussão nacional das décadas de 20 e 30 do século XX. A partir de questões-chave, como a do próprio título, a autora inicia sua análise tendo como ponto de partida a inserção dos tenentes na estrutura social brasileira, em um período em que predominavam tanto econômica quanto social e politicamente, as oligarquias agrárias, e vai identificando, um a um, os distintos momentos do processo evolutivo por que passou o movimento tenentista, para desvendar ao final, o papel efetivo que este desempenhou nos acontecimentos que tiveram início a partir de 30. Inter-relacionando desde a crise internacional do liberalismo até a vitória de Vargas na revolução de 30, passando pelo rompimento de Luiz Carlos Prestes com os tenentes, em maio do mesmo ano, momento este que consagra a crise desse movimento...

Guerra e memória social: a deficiência como testemunho / War and social memory: disability as testimony

Durante longas décadas, a Guerra Colonial portuguesa (1961-1974) fracassou em encontrar um efetivo espaço de rememoração naquilo que foi a reconstrução democrática e pós-imperial da sociedade portuguesa. Sob vários pontos de vista, os combatentes que adquiriram deficiência na guerra constituíram a expressão viva de um trauma coletivo que a ordem social democrática quis esquecer. Numa perspetiva teórica que procura debater os desencontros da memória pessoal e da memória coletiva, defendemos que o silenciamento e a marginalização dos Deficientes das Forças Armadas (DFA) permite consagrá-los como testemunhas privilegiadas para um diálogo com as sequelas e contradições da guerra. Assim, as histórias de vida dos DFA (35 entrevistados) são convocadas para o presente texto, seja para uma valorização da Guerra Colonial enquanto um momento histórico que deixou duradouras marcas na sociedade portuguesa, seja para o reconhecimento da deficiência enquanto marca biográfica que confronta a desmemória e a violência do esquecimento.(AU)

Colonial war has never been given a space of commemoration in the process of the democratic post-imperial reconstruction of Portuguese society. That is why this silence about the war may be described as a constituting element of this process. From various points of view, the disabled war veterans represented the vivid expression of a collective trauma which the democratic social order has wished to forget. The silencing and marginalisation to which the disabled of the Armed Forces have been subjected make them privileged witnesses, by means of their accounts (from 35 interviewees), for the salvation of important historical dimensions necessary for the understanding of contemporary Portugal, and for the recognition of disability narratives as testimonies against the violence of oblivion.(AU)

Guerra e memória social: a deficiência como testemunho / War and social memory: disability as testimony

Durante longas décadas, a Guerra Colonial portuguesa (1961-1974) fracassou em encontrar um efetivo espaço de rememoração naquilo que foi a reconstrução democrática e pós-imperial da sociedade portuguesa. Sob vários pontos de vista, os combatentes que adquiriram deficiência na guerra constituíram a expressão viva de um trauma coletivo que a ordem social democrática quis esquecer. Numa perspetiva teórica que procura debater os desencontros da memória pessoal e da memória coletiva, defendemos que o silenciamento e a marginalização dos Deficientes das Forças Armadas (DFA) permite consagrá-los como testemunhas privilegiadas para um diálogo com as sequelas e contradições da guerra. Assim, as histórias de vida dos DFA (35 entrevistados) são convocadas para o presente texto, seja para uma valorização da Guerra Colonial enquanto um momento histórico que deixou duradouras marcas na sociedade portuguesa, seja para o reconhecimento da deficiência enquanto marca biográfica que confronta a desmemória e a violência do esquecimento.

Colonial war has never been given a space of commemoration in the process of the democratic post-imperial reconstruction of Portuguese society. That is why this silence about the war may be described as a constituting element of this process. From various points of view, the disabled war veterans represented the vivid expression of a collective trauma which the democratic social order has wished to forget. The silencing and marginalisation to which the disabled of the Armed Forces have been subjected make them privileged witnesses, by means of their accounts (from 35 interviewees), for the salvation of important historical dimensions necessary for the understanding of contemporary Portugal, and for the recognition of disability narratives as testimonies against the violence of oblivion.

Leisure in Brazil: the transformations during the military period (1964-1984) / Lazer no Brasil: as transformações durante o regime militar (1964-1984)

The aim of this paper is to understand some elements of leisure activities in Brazilian society during the military period (1964 to 1984), highlighting the influence of censorship, political repression and economic growth in these activities. The main objective is to illustrate the relationship between these leisure activities (physical activity, sport, film, television, theater) and the Brazilian political and economic reality of that moment. Based on the analysis proposed, it can be concluded that during the period analyzed, the leisure practices studied were censured and managed from a broad national project that has profoundly changed the country giving the basis for mass leisure activities.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender alguns elementos das atividades de lazer na sociedade brasileira durante o período militar (1964 a 1984), destacando a influência da censura, a repressão política e o crescimento econômico nestas atividades. O principal objetivo foi ilustrar a relação entre estas atividades de lazer (atividade física, desporto, televisão, cinema, teatro) e a realidade brasileira política e econômica daquele momento. Com base na análise proposta, pode-se concluir que durante o período analisado, as práticas de lazer estudadas foram censuradas e gerenciadas a partir de um amplo projeto nacional que mudou profundamente o país dando a base para atividades de lazer de massa.

Gracias a la vida: memórias de um militante / Gracias a la vida: memories of a militant

Gracias a la vida é o relato do ex-militante do MR-8, Cid Benjamin, desde o guerrilheiro ousado — um os mais importantes operadores do sequestro e Charles Elbrick — ao ativista partidário, jornalista e professor universitário de nossos dias. Sua exposição aos fatos nos garante estar diante de um dos mais consolidados e objetivos relatos sobre esses anos de nossa história. Em sua memórias, Cid apresenta ainda outros episódios importantes da história do PT na década de 1990, como as denúncias ao partido e ao ex-presidente Lula e dos fatos paralelos e comprometedores nos episódios dos assassinatos de dois prefeitos do partido — Toninho, em Campinas, e Celso Daniel, em Santo André...

Enfermerias da Força Expedicionária Brasileira no front do pós-guerra: o processo de reinclusão no serviço militar ativo do exército (1945-1957) / Nurses of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force in front of the post-war: the process of reinsertion in the active military service of the army (1945-1957)

Estudo histórico-social, que tem como objeto: o processo de reinclusão de enfermeiras da Força Expedicionária Brasileira (FEB) no Serviço Militar Ativo do Exército, após o término da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Objetivos: descrever as circunstâncias que antecederam o processo de reinclusão de enfermeiras da FEB no Serviço Militar Ativo do Exército, após o término da Segunda Guerra Mundial; analisar as estratégias empreendidas por elas para serem reincluídas no Serviço Militar Ativo do Exército; e discutir a reinclusão dessas enfermeiras no Serviço Militar Ativo do Exército. As fontes primárias se constituíram de documentos escritos, orais e iconográficos, enquanto que as fontes secundárias, de acervo bibliográfico existente sobre a referida temática. Os achados foram classificados, contextualizados e analisados à luz da Teoria do Mundo Social de Pierre Bourdieu e dos estudos sobre a História das Mulheres de Michelle Perrot. Os resultados evidenciaram que, na história da profissão de enfermagem, as enfermerias da FEB representam o primeiro grupamento feminino que foi oficialmente incorporado às Forças Armadas Brasileiras...